(0 Comentarios)
Comenta y valora este libro
Provides a comprehensive exploration of wrongful convictions through international lenses, this engrossing compilation examines the historical and emerging trends of the innocence movement. It critically analyzes the causes and legislative challenges in various countries, including England, France, Germany, and China, while also delving into the unique dynamics of South American and U.S. justice systems.
This work presents profound insights into judicial errors, advocating for systematic reforms and a European registry to enhance accountability and justice across borders.
The book offer:
Holistic comparison of wrongful convictions worldwide.
Revolutionary innocence movement insights.
Proposes European registry for exoneration tracking.
PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT
JACOPO DELLA TORRE, GIULIA LASAGNI and SÍLVIA PEREIRA PUIGVERT . 23
2
THE INNOCENCE MOVEMENT REVOLUTION: HISTORY AND NEW FRONTIERS
PROF. LUCA LUPÁRIA DONATI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2. The DNA revolution and the birth of Innocence Project . . . . . 28
3. Tip of the iceberg and non-DNA exonerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4. The international dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5. Looking forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
INVESTIGATING THE CAUSES OF WRONGFUL CONVICTION: A CRITICAL APPROACH
GIULIA LASAGNI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1. Investigating the Causes of Wrongful Conviction: A Critical
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2. Defining the Subject Matter: What does ‘Miscarriage of Justice’ mean? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3. Main Causes. Eyewitness Misidentification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.1. False Confession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2. Mishandling of Forensic Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3. Mishandling of Informants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4. (Mis)-Behaviour of the Parties: Inadequate Defence and Official Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.5. Mass Data Collection and the Deployment of Automated Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.6. Misinterpretation of Wiretapping Recordings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4. Cross-cutting Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
EUROPEAN NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE RIGHTING WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS IN ENGLAND AND WALES
LUKE MARSH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2. Causes of Miscarriages of Justice in England and Wales . . . . . 70
3. Legal Routes to Exoneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.1. Appealing to the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) . . . . . . . 76
3.2. Post-Appeal: Challenging Convictions via the CCRC . . . . . . . . 77
4. The Scale of Injustice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5. Barriers to Justice within the Court of Appeal and CCRC . . . . 81
5.1. Court of Appeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.2. CCRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.3. Case Study of System Failure: Andrew Malkinson . . . . . . . . . . 85
CAUSES AND REMEDIES FOR WRONGFUL CONVICTION: A COMPARATIVE ANLYSIS
6. Conclusion: Lessons Unlearnt? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
REVISION AND RE-EXAMINATION IN CRIMINAL MATTERS IN FRANCE: AN ANALYSIS OF LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND CHALLENGES
MAXIME LASSALLE and CAROLINE PELOSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
2. Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.1. The 2014 reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.1.1. The goal of the reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
2.1.2. Revision Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.1.2.1. Grounds for Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.1.2.2. Who Can Request a revision? . . . . . . . . . . 103
2.1.2.3. The Role of the Court of revision . . . . . . . 103
2.1.2.4. Admissibility and Investigation . . . . . . . . 104
2.1.2.5. Review by the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
2.1.2.6. The Court’s Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.1.2.7. Consequences of Annulment . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.1.2.8. Requests for Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.1.2.9. Final Reparations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.1.3. The specific case of access to evidence . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.1.4. Remaining Issues and Critiques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3. The Specific Role of the 2021 Reform: The Mis and Thiennot Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4. Re-examination process following a decision by the European Court of Human Rights in the French experience . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.1. The introduction of the re-examination procedure following the suggestions of supranational law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.1.1. Consequences of the European Judgment for the individual plaintiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.1.2. The Council of Europe’s promotion of the introduction into domestic law of a procedure for the re-examination of national decisions following a ruling by the European Court of Human Rights . . . . 110
4.2. Adoption of a re-examination procedure in French criminal procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.3. Reform of the review and re-examination procedure in 2014 . . 112
4.3.1. Rationale of the reform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.3.2. Grounds for re-examination in French criminal procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.3.3. Re-examination process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.3.3.1. Content of the conditions governing the grounds for the request for re-examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.3.3.2. Proceedings before the panel of judges . . 119
4.3.3.3. Possible issues of the re-examination procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
REMEDIES OF JUDICIAL ERRORS UNDER GERMAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW BRIAN BUCHHALTER MONTERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2. Remedies in the StPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2.1. Complaint (Beschwerde) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2.2. Appeal (Berufung) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2.3. Final appeal on points of law (Revision) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
2.4. Reopening of proceedings (Wiederaufnahme des Verfahrens) . . 128
3. Historical development of the state liability for judicial acts . 129
4. Content and context of art. 34 GG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.1. Subjective right and institutional guarantee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.2. Relationship to § 839 BGB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5. Sense and scope of § 839.2 BGB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.1. Res judicata and judicial independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.2. Protected activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.3. Jurisdictional decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.4. Exclusion of non-jurisdictional decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6. Exclusion of liability for non-use of legal remedies . . . . . . . . . 137
6.1. Requirement of legal remedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.2. Liability of the lawyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7. Special cases of compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.1. Crime investigation measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
7.2. Unreasonable time of the procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.1. Bibliography (alphabetical order) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9.2. Case law (chronological order) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
REMEDIES FOR WRONGFUL CONVICTION IN ITALY: A SYSTEMIC OVERVIEW
JACOPO DELLA TORRE and MITJA GIALUZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
2. Revision as the main mechanism for addressing miscarriages of justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3. The exclusion of “partial revision” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4. The scope of revision and the cases of application . . . . . . . . . . 158
4.1. Theoretical conflict between judgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.2. Revocation of the non-criminal judgment on which the conviction is based . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.3. New evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4.4. Judgment of conviction delivered as a consequence of a crime . . 165
5. Incorporating new scientific evidence in revision proceedings . 166
6. Procedural profiles: competence, legitimate parties, forms,
admissibility and revision proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7. Compensation for miscarriage of justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
8. The problem of statistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
MECHANISMS TO RECOGNISE AND COMPENSATE WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS IN POLAND
ARTUR KOWALCZYK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
2. Causes of wrongful convictions: a short overview of empirical studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
3. Post-conviction remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
3.1. Introductory remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
3.2. Appeal in cassation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
3.3. Reopening of proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
3.4. Extraordinary complaint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4. Compensation for wrongful conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.1. Introductory remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.2. Compensation for wrongful conviction under the Code of Criminal Procedure (KPK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
4.3. Compensation for wrongful conviction under Civil Code (KC) . . 197
5. Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
CAUSES AND REMEDIES FOR WRONGFUL CONVICTION: A COMPARATIVE ANLYSIS
EXTRA EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE CAUSES, REMEDIES, AND DATA ON JUDICIAL ERROR IN SOUTH AMERICA, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE URUGUAYAN JUSTICE SYSTEM
IGNACIO M. SOBA BRACESCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
2. Causes, remedies, and data on judicial error in South America. Comparative situation, common challenges, regulation, and practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
2.1. Argentina - Manuel Garrido . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
2.2. Chile - Sebastián Bravo Ibarra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
2.3. Colombia - Mónica María Bustamante Rúa and Valentina Botero Botero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
2.4. Ecuador - Sergio Cando Shevchukova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
2.5. Paraguay - Ricardo Preda Del Puerto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
2.6. Perú - Omar Hernández . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
3. The judicial error in the Uruguayan criminal justice system . 223
3.1. Independence and impartiality of judges in the Uruguayan system as examples of institutional strength and solidity . . . . . 223
3.2. Cognitive aspects in Uruguay’s criminal justice system . . . . . . 227
3.3. Legal remedies for controlling wrongful convictions: Appeals, Cassation, and Review Processes (“recurso de revisión”) in the Uruguayan Criminal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
3.4. Civil liability in cases of wrongful convictions and pretrial detention of acquitted individuals in Uruguay” . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4. Remedies for judicial error and some challenges in South America. Final observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
CAUSES AND REMEDIES FOR WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS IN ARGENTINA
MANUEL GARRIDO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
2. Contributing Factors to Wrongful Convictions in Argentina . 247
2.1. Fabricated cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
2.2. Forensic Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
2.3. Lack of education and training of investigators, prosecutors and judges. The way the experts present their conclusions. . . . . . . . 252
2.4. Inadequate Defense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
2.5. Lack of adequate resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
2.6. Lack of Contradiction and Excessive Formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
2.7. Torture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
2.8. Evidentiary standards and reasoning of the convictions . . . . . . 256
2.9. Tunnel vision and biases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
2.10. Errors in identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
3. Some safeguards to prevent wrongful convictions . . . . . . . . . . 257
4. Main challenges to reverse a conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
5. Additional challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
CAUSES AND REMEDIES FOR WRONGFUL CONVICTION: A BRAZILIAN PERSPECTIVE
LARISSA CLARE POCHMANN DA SILVA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
2. Criminal cases and incarceration: a data-driven look at wrongful conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
3. Causes of wrongful conviction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
4. The correction of wrongful convictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
5. Compensation for wrongful convictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
THE CORRECTION OF WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS IN CHILE: THE NEED FOR A NEW EQUILIBRIUM
MAURICIO DUCE J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
2. The post-conviction review mechanism in Chile: problematic aspects of its legal design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
2.1. Impossibility to use the revision in misdemeanors . . . . . . . . . . . 291
2.2. Formal and evidentiary requirements for its admissibility . . . . 292
2.3. Restricted hypotheses or grounds for the revision . . . . . . . . . . . 294
3. Revision in Chile: problems in its use in practice . . . . . . . . . . . 297
3.1. Strict practice of admissibility of revisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
3.2. Extremely strict interpretation of the review hypotheses (especially that of art. 473.d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
3.3. Other barriers and obstacles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
4. The need to seek a new equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
4.1. Interpretative reconstruction of the mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
4.2. Legal reform of the revision grounds, their procedures and formal requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
4.3. Reforms to facilitate access to the mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
5. Concluding thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
MISCARRIAGE OF JUSTICE IN CHINA: CURRENT SITUATION, REASONS AND REMEDIES
XIN FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
2. Overview of the Miscarriage of Justice in China’s Criminal Justice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
3. Analysis of Miscarriage of Justice Cases in China . . . . . . . . . . . 323
3.1. Evidentiary perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
3.2. Impact of the political factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
3.3. Defects of the criminal justice system in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
4. Remedies for Preventing Miscarriage of Justice Cases in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
4.1. The Criminal Procedure of Second Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
4.2. The Trial Supervision Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
4.3. Complaint Letters, Calls and Visits system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
5. Remedies for the Innocent Defendant of Wrongly Convicted Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
6. Reflections on the Improvement of the Criminal Justice System to Prevent Miscarriage of Justice in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
7. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
COMPENSATING EXONEREES IN THE UNITED STATES BRANDON L. GARRETT and LUKE MEARS† . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
2. Civil Rights Litigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
3. Compensation Statutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
CROSS-BORDER AND INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION EUROPEAN REGISTRY OF EXONERATIONS: BROADER INSIGHTS INTO WRONGFUL CONVICTIONS ACROSS EUROPE
JENNIFER M. SCHELL-LEUGERS, TERESA SCHNEIDER and LINDA M. GEVEN . 385
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
2. The European Registry of Exonerations: Current findings and contributing factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
2.1. False or misleading forensic evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
2.2. Flawed eyewitness identification (procedures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
2.3. False confessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
2.4. Perjury or false accusations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
2.5. Official Misconduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
3. The striking case of Angelo Massaro in Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
RES JUDICATA, BETWEEN MYTHS AND MODERNITY
ELVIRA NADIA LA ROCCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
1. History, myth… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
2. The reopening of res judicata in contrast to the ECHR . . . . . . . 414
3. The ‘pilot judgments’ of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) and the limits of the fall of res judicata . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
4. Reopening of the judgment vs. protection of the victim? . . . . 424
5. The Current Face of Criminal Judgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
MODELS OF THE CRIMINAL CASES REVIEW COMMISSIONS: A GENERAL OVERVIEW
ALESSANDRO MALACARNE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
2. The original framework of the “Criminal Cases Review Commission” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
3. Post-ECCRC approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
3.1. The “hard model” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
3.1.1. The (unsolvable?) problem of the “referral standard” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
3.2. The “weak” or “attenuated” model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
4. Future developments of the CCRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
5. Towards a CCRC also in the “jurisdictional models” . . . . . . . . 451
6. Concluding remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
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