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Libros > Derecho / Penal / CRIMINOLOGIA > The Recent Reform of Spanish Criminal Procedure: Fundamental …

The Recent Reform of Spanish Criminal Procedure: Fundamental Rights and Technological Innovations

The Recent Reform of Spanish Criminal Procedure: Fundamental Rights and Technological Innovations
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  • ISBN: 9788413130804
  • EAN: 9788413130804
  • Editorial: Tirant lo Blanch
  • Fecha de la edición:
  • Colección: Monografías
  • Nº Pág.: 242

Materias:

Colección: Monografías

The use of modern technology by the Police represents an essential working tool for obtaining digital evidence of crime and to counteract the sophisticated measures employed by organized criminal groups. The Spanish Constitutional Court, in its judgment 145/2014, highlighted the need for regulation to address intrusion in the privacy of investigated persons within the Spanish criminal procedure framework. The Spanish Organic Law 13/2015 of 5 October 5, amending the Criminal Procedure Law for the strengthening of procedural guarantees and regulation of technological research measures, is an attempt to alleviate this regulatory lacuna. This work considers, as one of its priority objectives, the requirements arising from the legality principle, in order to determine if the new regulations defi ne the methods and scope of exercise of power with suffi cient precision to adequately protect the individual. Specifi c attention is given, for example, to the new limits and scope of the interception of telephonic and electronic communications (paying special attention to cases of vital urgency), the recording of verbal communications, image capture, tracking and localization through the use of technical devices, the search of computer systems and the use of the drone as criminal investigation procedures. The work is completed with an analysis of some of the latest reforms in comparative law, such as the regulation in German criminal proceedings of a measure as invasive as the remote search of computer equipment. Finally, reference is made to cybercrimes and reforms of the Spanish Criminal Code. All these subjects are analysed from both a theoretical and practical perspective, addressing current issues which have been the subject of public debate in various forums with the involvement of prominent jurists and representatives of all the sectors involved.
PRESENTATION 15
MANUEL DÍAZ MARTÍNEZ and INMACULADA LÓPEZ BARAJAS PEREA
I.?ON THE CONCEPT OF THE SCOPE OF THE MEASURE
OF TECHNOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE
IN ORGANIC LAW 13/2015
JOSÉ LUIS RODRÍGUEZ LAINZ
1. APPROACH 19
2. THE ORIGIN OF THE CONCEPT OF THE SCOPE OF THE MEASURE 21
2.1. Pertinent case law and academic background 21
2.2. The influence of the European Court of Human Rights doctrine on electronic searches 29
3. THE REGULATION OF THE SCOPE OF THE MEASURE IN TECHNOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE IN ORGANIC LAW 13/2015 35
II.?USEFULNESS OF DATA RETAINED FROM ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS FOR DEALING WITH EMERGENCIES
LUIS MANUEL VALLÉS CAUSADA
1. INTRODUCTION: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL FRAME OF REFERENCE 43
2. SPECIFICATION PRINCIPLE AND PROPORTIONALITY PRINCIPLE. PROCEDURAL LEGAL BASIS FOR GEOLOCATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION DEVICES 46
3. DESCRIPTION OF POSSIBLE SCENARIOS 49
4. HOW AND WITH WHAT IS AN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE GEOLOCATED? 51
A) Real-time geolocation by telephone interception 53
B) Geolocation only with data stored pursuant to the LCDCE 53
C) Geolocation with coverage data 54
5. TOWARDS A LEGE FERENDA PROPOSAL 55
6. CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF DATA RETENTION LEGISLATION 57
7. DE LEGE FERENDA PROPOSAL 60
III.?CAPTURE AND RECORDING OF VERBAL COMMUNICATIONS
BY THE USE OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES
MANUEL DÍAZ MARTÍNEZ
1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 63
2. THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT JUDGMENT 145/2014 AND THE CJEU JUDGMENT OF 8 APRIL 2014 AS SIGNIFICANT REFORM MILESTONES 65
3. LEGAL ARRANGEMENTS AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES 67
3.1. Legal regulation 67
3.2. Guiding principles 68
A) Specification principle 68
B) Proportionality principle 69
4. SCOPE OF THE INTERFERENCE AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AFFECTED 71
5. PREREQUISITES FOR LEGITIMACY 74
6. CONTENT OF THE JUDGE’S RULING 76
6.1. Common requirements 77
6.2. The determination of the place or rooms and meetings of the person under investigation as specific requirements 78
6.3. The exclusion of conversations between the person under investigation and his/her lawyer 81
7. DURATION OF THE MEASURE 82
8. JUDICIAL CONTROL OF THE MEASURE AND ACCESS OF THE PARTIES TO THE RECORDINGS 83
8.1. Judicial control of the measure 83
8.2. Access of the parties to the recordings 85
9. DESTRUCTION OF RECORDS 86
10. CAUSAL FINDINGS 86
11. CONCLUSIONS 87
IV.?THE USE OF TECHNICAL DEVICES FOR IMAGE
CAPTURE, MONITORING AND TRACKING.
WHEN FORENSIC PRACTICE CAN’T WAIT…
EDUARDO GÓMEZ SOLER
1. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES 91
2. THE LONG-AWAITED REFORM OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW IN RELATION TO INVESTIGATIVE MEASURES 93
2.1. The harsh reality 93
2.2. The reform of the Criminal Procedure Law in relation to technological investigative measures 94
2.3. Common provisions 95
3. THE NEW CHAPTER VII OF TITLE VIII OF BOOK II OF THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW 96
3.1. Use of technical image capture devices 97
A) A purely police action 97
B) The general rule: the party under investigation 99
C) The exception: persons other than the investigated person 101
D) Duration of the measure 102
E) Control of the measure 103
F) The rest of the applicable common provisions 103
3.2. Use of technical monitoring and tracking devices 104
A) The general rule: Reservation of judicial authorization. Necessity and proportionality principles 107
B) The exception: Where there are reasons of urgency 108
C) Duration of the measure 109
D) Judicial control of the use of the measure 109
E) The custody and destruction of records 110
4. CONCLUSIONS 111
V.?THE RIGHT TO PROTECTION OF THE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT AND ITS LIMITS: THE SEARCH
OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS
INMACULADA LÓPEZ-BARAJAS PEREA
1. THE RIGHT TO THE DIGITAL OR VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT 113
2. THE JURISDICTIONAL GUARANTEE AND ITS CONTENT 117
3. SUBJECT-MATTER 119
3.1. Nature 120
3.2. Extent of the measure 121
3.3. Reference to cross-border searches 122
3.4. Scope of the measure 127
4. SAFEGUARDING AND CUSTODY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THE DEVICES 128
4.1. The duty to cooperate 131
5. REMOTE SEARCH OF COMPUTER EQUIPMENT 132
6. CONCLUSIONS 135
VI.?EVIDENTIARY PECULIARITIES OF THE DRONE
AS A TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIVE PROCEDURE
FEDERICO BUENO DE MATA
1. INTRODUCTION 137
2. COMMENTS ON THE NEW LEGAL FRAMEWORK: FROM ROYAL DECREE 1036/2017 TO THE 2018-2021 STRATEGIC PLAN FOR DRONE CIVIL SECTOR DEVELOPMENT 138
3. THE VARIOUS POSSIBILITIES FOR DRONE USE BY CIVILIANS AND AGENTS OF THE COURT 141
A) The drone as a recreational device 141
B) The drone as a police investigative tool 142
C) The drone as a tool of the court 143
4. THE DRONE AS EVIDENCE: PROCEDURAL ARRANGEMENTS 149
5. CHALLENGES AHEAD 153
VII.?THE USE OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES
TO INTERCEPT COMMUNICATIONS IN POLICE
INFILTRATION OPERATIONS
MARTA GÓMEZ DE LIAÑO FONSECA-HERRERO
1. INTRODUCTION 157
2. A NEW CRIME SCENARIO 158
3. COVERT INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES 160
A) The use of infiltration 161
B) Infiltration by undercover agents 162
4. MODERN EVIDENCE-GATHERING TECHNIQUES 164
5. INTERCEPTING AND RECORDING OF COMMUNICATIONS IN OPERATIONS WITH AN UNDERCOVER AGENT 166
A) Intercepting of telephone and electronic communications 167
B) Intercepting and recording of third-party voice communications 168
C) Intercepting and recording of own voice communications 169
a) Dialogue akin to an interrogation 170
b) Entry into a home 172
i) Predictability of entry 172
ii) Entry by invitation 174
c) Planned meetings 176
VIII.?TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIVE MEASURES
IN GERMAN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS:
A COMPARATIVE STUDY
ALICIA GONZÁLEZ NAVARRO
1. INTRODUCTION 179
2. TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND THE RIGHT TO SECRECY OF COMMUNICATIONS 180
2.1. Interception of telecommunications. The Telekommunikationsüberwachung 181
2.1.1. General questions: Section 100a StPO and Articles 588 ter a et seq. of the Spanish Criminal Procedure Law 181
2.1.2. The intervention in encrypted telecommunications: special reference to the so-called Quellen-Telekommunikationsüberwachung and to telephony via the internet 188
2.2. Remote search of computer equipment: Online-Durchsuchung 193
2.3. Data retention order (Article 588 octies Criminal Procedure Law) and Vorratsdatenspeicherung: Sections 113a and 113b TKG, 100g StPO 194
3. CONCLUSION 198
IX.?PROBLEMS POSED BY INCORPORATION OF THE AMERICAN MODEL OF REWARDING THE WHISTLEBLOWER IN THE SPANISH LEGAL SYSTEM AND IN REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
JORDI GIMENO BEVIÁ
1. INTRODUCTION 200
2. THE NEED FOR PROTECTION FOR THE WHISTLEBLOWER 202
3. THE EVOLVING CONCEPT OF THE BOUNTY HUNTER 203
4. THE BOUNTY HUNTER AND FINANCIAL CRIME (BOUNTY PROGRAMMES) 205
A) The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) bounty programme 206
B) The rewards programme of the Department of Justice (DOJ) under the False Claims Act (FCA) 207
5. A PRACTICAL CASE: AND IF FALCIANI HAD BEEN GIVEN A REWARD? BIRKENFELD IN THE US VS FALCIANI IN SPAIN 208
5.1. The birkenfeld case in the US 208
5.2. The Falciani case in Spain 210
5.3 The relationship between Supreme Court Judgment 116/2017 and the promotion of rewards 211
5.4. Rewards as a tool in the fight against tax fraud: the tax inspectors’ proposal 214
6. REWARDING WHISTLEBLOWING AND THE LEGAL ENTITY: ITS IMPACT ON CRIMINAL REGULATORY COMPLIANCE 215
A) The safeguard of the internal whistleblowing channel 216
B) The lack of a need for a financial incentive 217
7. CONCLUSION 218
X.?CYBERCRIME AND THE REFORMS OF THE SPANISH
CRIMINAL CODE AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW:
A LOST OPPORTUNITY
FERNANDO IBÁÑEZ LÓPEZ-POZAS
1. INTRODUCTION 221
2. CYBERCRIMES: AN UNFINISHED REFORM 224
2.1. Criminal behaviour 224
2.2. Cybercrime statistics 226
2.3. The response of the Courts 228
3. THE TECHNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIVE MEASURES INTRODUCED BY ORGANIC LAW 13/2015 229
4. LAW 41/2015 OF 5 OCTOBER AND CYBERCRIMES: THE REFORM OF ARTICLE 284 REGARDING THE MANDATORY SENDING OF THE CRIME REPORT 231
4.1. Approach 231
4.2. General characteristics of crimes and Article 284 of the Criminal Procedure Law 234
A) Anonymity and speed of execution 235
B) Generality of victims and victimization 236
C) Insignificance (or otherwise) of the harm caused 238
D) The geographical extent of the crimes, including transnational 240
5. CONCLUSION 241

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